多维设计与策划模型：设计提升幸福感的方法论开发

在设计学发展的历史长河中，不同的设计方法论随着不同地区的发展相继产生，具有代表性的设计方法论如以英国为首的欧美国家在设计教育上广泛应用的双钻模型，斯坦福大学D.school在 Stanford University 所倡导和推广的“设计思维”（Design Thinking）方法论等。双钻模型这个模型由英国设计委员会（Design Council）于2005年提出，该方法论将设计的过程通过模型化的方法展开,将“发现问题”的过程在理论层面上升到与“解决问题”同等重要的位置，成为当时最具前沿性和实操可行性的设计方法论，直到今天依然在设计行业有着重要影响力和使用普及度。然而，双钻模型的关注点主要在于问题的定义和创意生成，但在实施和细节上的支持较弱；设计思维是一种以用户为中心，注重解决复杂问题的创新方法，其核心理念是通过理解用户需求，方法强调多样化的解决方案，并鼓励不断迭代和改进，促进创新思维的生成，然而在具体的实施上，设计思维需要较强的跨部门协作和持续的用户反馈，实施过程中可能会遇到资源、文化或沟通障碍。

基于此，本研究将首次明确提出设计与幸福的链接，开创性地提出多维设计及其方法论——多维设计与策划模型。该方法论从设计师的应用角度进行开发，具有较强的操作性和实践性，同时指出好的设计应该以提升幸福感为目标，主动去追求幸福，而不是仅注重外观的商业的设计或仅注重表达设计师个人艺术才华的设计。这具有十分重要的学术价值与意义。（对问题的回应）

多维设计最早提出于2010年，是基于国内外的研究现状而创造性地提出的全新概念。（概念的溯源）注意，多维设计的“维”不仅指一维、二维、三维、四维、五维这些空间或时间的概念，甚至叙事语言、设计技法与媒介表现的多维，而有着更为深层的含义。真正的多维，超越表面的物理学语境下的“维”，而是“思维”之维，设计“理念”之维。

多维设计的特点在于，它是在立体交织的多维场域中进行思考。不仅包含可见的物的设计，还包含非物的流程的设计、情感体验的设计、服务的设计、社会设计、品牌故事设计等。超越了传统的静态、单一媒体表现，而以动态、多媒体、各类增强现实、生成式人工智能等新技术的广泛应用来表现，拓展了设计的外延，摒弃了“经验主义”“教条主义”“形式主义”，突破常态的限制，突破设计的惯性。相较于以往为少数富人服务、为一小撮特权阶层设计奢侈品的设计，多维设计更关注社会与民生，更关注弱势群体，面对人类真正的幸福需求、面对各种复杂的社会问题，从多角度、多视野、跨学科地去研究问题，解决问题，改造社会。因而，可以说，多维设计更多元、更宽泛，拥有无限的原力。

自2010年“多维设计与策划”课程在全国率先开设以来，团队取得了丰硕的成果，多次举办教学成果展——如，2016年的“为健康而设计”，2017年的“关怀的维度”，2019年的“社会之声”，2020年的“危机设计/设计危机”等。在此基础上，团队进一步明确：多维设计的目标不是最大化财富，而是最大化人们的幸福。从提升幸福感出发，从宏观层面和微观层面关注社会问题，通过设计学、积极心理学、美学、文化学、生态学、经济学、人体工程学、医学等多学科、多角度的交叉融合，在分析、研究具体的优秀设计案例、设计实践的基础之上，我们于2018年开创性地提出了一套行之有效的、具有普适性的、跨学科的多维设计方法论——多维设计与策划模型。

多维设计与策划模型（图4）包含5个步骤：

步骤一 遭遇与质疑

步骤二 分析与阐释

步骤三 聚焦与定义

步骤四 突破与构思

步骤五 传达与实现

4次从发散到集中：

第一次 从关注社会、提出质疑到“调研一”分析、阐释问题

第二次 从“调研二”实证考察到定义核心需求

第三次 从头脑风暴到整合筛选

第四次 从建立幸福模型到幸福评估、确定最佳方案，将方案落地

3个关键性节点：

节点一 关注与阐释问题、聚焦与论证问题

节点二 定义核心需求、建立幸福沟通点

节点三 运用设计满足幸福需求、方案可行性论证

该模型指导设计师及设计团队通过不断的发散与集中的思维方式进行反复思考，从而激发不断创新的潜能，最终达到有效揭示问题（定义幸福感）、剖析问题（定义幸福感因子）和改善问题（通过设计行为提升幸福感因子）的目的；从而达到提升幸福感的目标。

Multidimensional Design and Strategy Model: Methodology Development for Enhancing Happiness

Throughout the history of design development, various design methodologies have emerged in different regions, each representing distinct stages of development. Representative methodologies include the Double Diamond model, widely used in design education in European and American countries, particularly led by the UK, and the "Design Thinking" methodology, promoted by Stanford University's D.school. The Double Diamond model, proposed by the UK Design Council in 2005, visualizes the design process, elevating the "problem discovery" phase to a position of equal importance with "problem-solving" on a theoretical level. It became one of the most innovative and practical design methodologies of its time, and it continues to have a significant influence and widespread use in the design industry today. However, the focus of the Double Diamond model is mainly on problem definition and idea generation, with weaker support in implementation and detail. Design Thinking is a user-centered, innovation-driven approach to solving complex problems. Its core idea emphasizes understanding user needs, encouraging diverse solutions, continuous iteration, and fostering innovative thinking. However, in practical implementation, Design Thinking requires strong cross-departmental collaboration and ongoing user feedback. Challenges such as resource, cultural, or communication barriers may arise during its implementation.

In response to these challenges, this research will be the first to explicitly propose the connection between design and well-being, introducing the groundbreaking concept of theMultidimensional Design and Strategy Model. This methodology is developed from the designer's application perspective, emphasizing operational feasibility and practical relevance, and asserts that good design should aim to enhance well-being, actively pursuing happiness rather than focusing solely on commercial aesthetics or the expression of the designer’s personal artistic talent. This holds significant academic value and importance.

Multidimensional Design was first proposed in 2010 as an innovative concept based on both domestic and international research trends (Concept Origin). Importantly, the "dimensions" in Multidimensional Design do not only refer to spatial or temporal concepts like one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional, four-dimensional, or five-dimensional. It also encompasses narrative languages, design techniques, and medium expressions, carrying a deeper meaning. True multidimensionality goes beyond the superficial physical dimensions of "space" and instead refers to the dimensions of "thinking" and "design philosophy."

The defining characteristic of Multidimensional Design lies in its thinking within a three-dimensional, intertwined, multidimensional field. It encompasses not only the design of visible objects but also the design of intangible processes, emotional experiences, services, social designs, and brand storytelling, among others. It transcends traditional static, single-media expressions and embraces dynamic, multimedia technologies such as augmented reality, generative artificial intelligence, and other new technologies, thereby expanding the scope of design. It rejects "empiricism," "dogmatism," and "formalism," breaking through conventional constraints and the inertia of design. Compared to traditional luxury goods design, which typically serves a small elite class, Multidimensional Design focuses more on society and people's livelihoods, addressing the needs of vulnerable groups and responding to real human happiness needs. It investigates and solves problems from multiple perspectives, across disciplines, and from diverse angles, aiming to transform society. Therefore, it can be said that Multidimensional Design is more diverse and expansive, with infinite potential.

Since the launch of the "Multidimensional Design and Planning" course in 2010, the team has achieved significant results, holding multiple exhibitions of teaching outcomes, such as "Design for Health" in 2016, "Dimensions of Care" in 2017, "Voices of Society" in 2019, and "Crisis Design/Design Crisis" in 2020. Based on this foundation, the team has further clarified that the goal of Multidimensional Design is not to maximize wealth, but to maximize people's well-being. Starting from enhancing happiness, the model focuses on social issues at both macro and micro levels, integrating interdisciplinary perspectives from design, positive psychology, aesthetics, cultural studies, ecology, economics, ergonomics, and medicine. Based on analysis and study of specific excellent design cases and practices, the team introduced a set of effective, universally applicable, and interdisciplinary Multidimensional Design methodology in 2018:Multidimensional Design and Strategy Model.

TheMultidimensional Design and Strategy Model (Figure 4) consists of five steps:

1. Encounter and Questioning

2. Analysis and Interpretation

3. Focus and Definition

4. Breakthrough and Conception

5. Communication and Implementation

The model progresses through four phases of divergent to convergent thinking:

· First Phase: From focusing on society and posing questions to “Research Phase 1” for problem analysis and interpretation.

· Second Phase: From "Research Phase 2" (empirical investigation) to defining core needs.

· Third Phase: From brainstorming to integration and selection.

· Fourth Phase: From building a happiness model to happiness evaluation and determining the best solution, implementing the solution.

There are three key nodes:

1. Focus and interpret the problem, focus and demonstrate the issue.

2. Define core needs and establish communication points for happiness.

3. Apply design to meet happiness needs, and verify the feasibility of the solution.

This model guides designers and design teams to engage in repeated divergent and convergent thinking, inspiring innovative potential and ultimately achieving the goal of effectively defining (defining happiness), analyzing (defining happiness factors), and improving (enhancing happiness factors through design behavior) the problem, thereby enhancing happiness.